TASK 7 FILA TABLE PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING 1

FACTS	IDEAS	LEARNING OUTCOME	ACTION
1.      Tired, abdomen swelling, arms leg thin, ribs poking to the chest	1. Why did she feel tired?	1.       One of the reasons why he can feel tired is lack of sleep. Late nights can take a toll on energy level. Most adults need between seven and nine hours of sleep each night. If we get into a habit of staying up late, we are putting our self at risk for sleep deprivation. Besides that, being tired all the time can also be a sign of vitamin deficiency. This could include low levels of vitamin D, vitamin B-12, iron, magnesium, or potassium. The easiest way to banish tiredness is to make adjustments to our diet. Eating a healthful and balanced diet can make the world of difference to how we feel (Higuera, 2019).	We get the information from internet resources.
2.      Hair started to change colour and fall out	1. Why did her hair fall out?  2.How to prevent hair loss? 3.What causes the hair colour to change?	1.  First and foremost, hair follicle cells have a high turnover. Their active metabolism requires a good supply of nutrients and energy. Causes of the falling hair: ·         A caloric deprivation or deficiency of several components such as proteins, minerals, essential fatty acids and vitamins can lead to hair loss. ·         Extreme mental stress or anxiety. ·         Lack of vitamins such as vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin A and also lack of fats. ·         Lack of protein, poor diet and drastic weight lose also one of the causes of hair loss. 2.      How to prevent this hair loss issues. ·         regularly wash hair with mild shampoo and also need a suitable vitamin for hair loss. ·         we need to enrich diet with protein because a protein makes a structure of hair which is in type of fibrous protein. ·         we also need to scalp massage with essential oils because it will help hair to remain active. 3.      Causes the hair colour to change -          The changes of hair colour caused by a vitamin B-12 deficiency. Vitamin B-12 deficiency is associated with a condition called pernicious anaemia, which is when your body can’t absorb enough of this vitamin. Your body needs vitamin B-12 for healthy red blood cells, which carry oxygen to cells in your body, including hair cells. A deficiency can weaken hair cells and affect melanin production.	We able to answer the question of ideas by finding hair loss details from pharmacist specialist at Summer Mall Watson.
3.      Lose appetite	1. What are the causes of lose appetite? 2.What is the effect of lose appetite?	1. Causes of loss of appetite: -          Pregnancy -          Metabolic problems -          Chronic liver disease -          COPD -          Dementia -          HIV -          Hepatitis -          Hypothyroidism -          Chronic kidney failure -          Heart failure -          Cocaine, heroin, morphine, codeine, and antibiotics -          Chemotherapy 2.      Leptin is a hormone, made by fat cells, that decreases your appetite. Ongoing appetite loss may lead to serious complications. These include weight loss, not getting the nutrients that the body needs, and fatigue and weakness from muscle loss. In addition, the changes in appetite are common with cancer and cancer treatment. People with poor appetite or appetite loss may eat less than usual, not feel hungry at all, or feel full after eating only a small amount (“Appetite loss,” 2018).	We found out the causes and effects of loss appetite by using Biochemistry note slides in the cofactors and vitamin topic which provided by Dr. Dayang and Dr. Mickey.
4.      Her body become thin and fat at the same time	-Why did her body become like that?	Because of poor nutrition which means the amounts of nutrition intake is not in the right amount, such as lack of protein. Protein is very important in our body because it helps in repair and make new cells. Limited supply of food that contain protein can lead to abnormal body parts or appearance. One of the diseases that will lead to is kwashiorkor which a failure to grow and gain weight. The symptoms of kwashiorkor are loss of muscle mass and enlarged tummy.	We analysed the condition of malnutrition’s body by observing video at Eleaps.
5.      Family members (brother) always tired and lose focus by falling asleep	-What is the daily routine of the family members?	- A family need to prepare and eat meals together and spend family time, like regular walks after dinner or movie nights. Then, let us having family meetings, or just taking turns talking about the day and also spend special one-to-one time with parents.	We defined the daily routine of family members by searching in the Internet.
6.      Medical treatment	1. What kind of medical treatment for malnutrition? 2.What are the symptoms of malnutrition? 3. What are the effects of malnutrition? 4. How long the treatment will be conducted for malnutrition? 5.Can malnutrition cause mental illness? 6. Does this disease lead to death?	1. Medical treatment for malnutrition: -          Dietary changes, such as eating foods high in energy and nutrients -          Give support for families to manage underlying factors affecting the child's nutritional intake. -          Undergo treatment for any underlying medical conditions causing their malnutrition. The last one is consuming vitamin and mineral supplements. -            2.      Symptoms of malnutrition: -          Weakness of muscles and fatigue. The muscles of the body appear to waste away and may be left without adequate strength to carry out daily activities. -          Tiredness all day and lack of energy. This may also be due to anaemia caused by malnutrition. -          Increased susceptibility to infections, delayed and prolonged healing of even small wounds and cuts, irritability and dizziness. -          The skin and hair becomes dry. Skin may appear dry, and flaky and hair may turn dry, lifeless, dull and appear like straw. -          Nails may appear brittle and break easily. -          Suffer from persistent diarrhea or long term constipation. -          Menstruation may be irregular or stop completely in malnourished women. 3.      Effects of malnutrition: -          Failure to grow at a normal expected rate in terms of weight, height or both. -          Irritability, sluggishness and excessive crying along with behavioral changes like anxiety, attention deficit are common in children with malnutrition. -          The skin becomes dry and flaky and hair may turn dry, dull and straw like in appearance. -          Hair loss -          Muscle wasting and lack of strength in the muscles. -          Limbs may appear stick like. Swelling of the abdomen and legs. The abdomen is swollen because of lack of strength of the muscles of the abdomen. This causes the contents of the abdomen to bulge out making the abdomen swollen. Legs are swollen due to edema. 4.      How long the treatment will be conducted for malnutrition is depending on the cause and severity of the disease itself. The treatment can be conducted either at home or in the hospital. At home, they will be advised to increase energy (calories), carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and proteins. People with severe malnourishment may need artificial nutritional support, either through a tube or intravenously (Brazier, 2017). The patient that suffer from malnutrition will be closely monitored for progress, and their treatment will be regularly reviewed to ensure their nutritional needs are being met (Brazier, 2017). 5.      Depression is common in malnutrition. This could be both a cause as well as an effect of malnutrition. There are also have symptoms of malnutrition in children such as growth failure. 6.      Starvation is a severe deficiency in caloric energy intake, below the level needed to maintain an organism's life. It is the most extreme form of malnutrition. In humans, prolonged starvation can cause permanent organ damage and eventually, death.	We found out the medical treatment for malnutrition, differentiate the malnutrition symptoms between adults and children and analyse the consequences of malnutrition suffer by referring through the video provided in Eleaps.
7.      Normal food could make the disease became worse	-What is the best food to treat malnutrition?	-          Food-containing high level of protein such as milk, fish, eggs and peanuts. -          Food that are rich in carbohydrate such as sweet potatoes, rice and cassava. -          Vegetables and fruits such as oranges and papayas because they are rich in vitamins and minerals that will protect our body from diseases.	We able to explain the types of food which malnutrition should to avoid from consuming and determine the healthy food to cure malnutrition by searching from Internet sources.
8.       Balanced diet	-What is the composition of a balanced diet?	A balanced diet includes six main nutrients which are fats, protein, carbohydrates, fibre, vitamins, and minerals. -          Fats can be found in fatty food such as butter, oil and cheese. -          Protein also helps in building muscle and it is found in meat, eggs, chicken, etc. -          Carbohydrates provide us some of energy. It also can be found in rice, wheat, bread, etc. -          Minerals and vitamins and also fibre improve the body’s resistance to disease and it also can be found from vegetables and fruits.	We able to indicate the composition of a balanced diet by using the information provided in the trigger video and also classified it with easier ways.
9.      Children who were malnourished are prone to diseases such as cholera, diarrhoea and malaria	-What is the relationship between malnutrition and those diseases? -What is diarrhoea, cholera and malaria?	1. Firstly, malnutrition makes them more susceptible to cholera; diseases create more malnutrition a vicious combination. Second, undernutrition increases the incidence and severity of diarrhoea and diarrhoea is detrimental to nutritional status. Moreover, infection and micronutrient deficiencies including zinc deficiency can induce immunodeficiency in otherwise healthy children, increasing susceptibility to diarrhoea and other infections. Third, divergent results were reported on the effect of malnutrition on malaria risk. While no consistent association between risk of malaria and acute malnutrition was found, chronic malnutrition was relatively consistently associated with severity of malaria such as high-density parasitemia and anaemia. 2. -          Cholera is an infectious disease that causes severe watery diarrhea, which can lead to dehydration and even death if untreated. It is caused by eating food or drinking water contaminated with a bacterium called Vibrio cholera. -          Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects humans and other animals. Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever, tiredness, vomiting, and headaches. In severe cases it can cause yellow skin, seizures, coma, or death. -          Diarrhoea is a condition in which faeces are discharged from the bowels frequently and in a liquid form.	We able to point up the relationship between malnutrition with others disease and define the meaning of diarrhoea, cholera and malaria by debating among the references that our group found.
10.  Breastfeed children under 2 years	-What are the benefits of breastfeeding? -What is breastfeeding and the nutrients of breastfeeding?	Breastfeeding Benefits for Baby Breast milk is nature's perfect baby food. It contains immunity-boosting antibodies and healthy enzymes that scientists have yet to replicate. There are several advantages of breast milk for babies. Firstly, breastfeeding can protect the baby against allergies and eczema. If there's a history of either in your family, it may be especially beneficial for you to breastfeed. Proteins in cow's milk and soy milk formulas can stimulate an allergic reaction, while the proteins in human breast milk are more easily digested. Second, it also can reduce the risk of viruses, urinary tract infections, inflammatory bowel disease, gastroenteritis, ear infections, and respiratory infections. "The incidences of pneumonia, colds, and viruses are reduced among breastfed babies," says infant-nutrition expert Ruth A. Lawrence, M.D., a professor of paediatrics and OB-GYN at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry in Rochester, N.Y., and the author of Breastfeeding: A Guide for the Medical Profession (Elsevier-Mosby). Additionally, formula-fed infants are three times more likely to suffer from ear infections than breastfed babies, and up to five times more likely to suffer from pneumonia and lower respiratory-tract infections. Third, milk from the mom may make the baby smarter. Research is still inconclusive, but studies are pointing toward breastfed babies having higher IQ scores later in life, even when taking socioeconomic factors into consideration. The fatty acids in breast milk are thought to be the brain boosters (Lucla & Hartshorn, n.d.). Breastfeeding Benefits for Mom The benefits of breastfeeding don’t only extend to your baby. It turns out that breastfeeding can boost the mom’s health as well. First, one of the benefit is lowering the risk of breast and ovarian cancer. Studies show that women who breastfeed have less risk of these cancers later in life. Second, helps to lose pregnancy weight. Because milk production burns about 300 to 500 calories a day, nursing mothers tend to have an easier time losing pregnancy weight in a healthy way—that is, slowly and without dieting. "Breast milk contains 20 calories per ounce. If you feed your baby 20 ounces a day, that's 400 calories you've swept out of your body," says Lawrence. Moreover, may lower the risk of osteoporosis. According to Lawrence, women who breastfeed have a lower risk of postmenopausal osteoporosis. "When a woman is pregnant and lactating, her body absorbs calcium much more efficiently," Lawrence explains. "So while some bones, particularly those in the spine and hips, may be a bit less dense at weaning, six months later, they are denser than before pregnancy (Lucla & Hartshorn, n.d.).	We capable to specify the benefits of breastfeeding for baby and mom by searching in the Internet sources.
11.  Worms can cause malnutrition	-How certain worms can cause malnutrition?	Roundworm infection reduces the body's ability to use protein and to absorb fat, which worsens protein energy malnutrition. Other nutrient effects of roundworm infection are exacerbation of vitamin A deficiency and lactose and milk intolerance. For example, hookworm infections reduce food intake and increase nutrient wastage via vomiting, diarrhea, or blood loss. These effects exasperate protein energy malnutrition, anaemia, and other nutrient deficiencies. Hookworm infection reduces the work capacity and productivity of children and adults; increases maternal and fatal morbidity, premature delivery, and low birth weight, as well as the susceptibility to other infections; and reduces the rate of cognitive development. These social and economic consequences in turn reduce the ability of people and families to raise crops or earn enough money to buy food and other essentials. As many as 90% of the children in some areas of the developed world are infected with roundworm. More than 100,000 deaths in 1987 resulted from complications of roundworm infection such as intestinal obstruction.	We able to describe how worms work and how they affect the human body by watching a video from Youtube.
12.  Change in skin colour	-How malnutrition affects skin colour?	How malnutrition affects skin colour? Firstly, a poor diet puts you at risk of an omega-3 fatty acid deficiency, and, as a result, you might notice skin and hair problems. Second, low vitamin D levels leave you more vulnerable to sun damage, negatively affecting the health of your skin. Third, a diet poor in vitamin C puts you at risk of developing scurvy, a condition that causes skin lesions.	We capable to solve the question ideas by searching information from the Internet which adequately in line with our Biochemistry learning.
13.  Loose skin under the bottom	-How malnutrition affects loosen skin under the bottom?	How malnutrition affects loosen skin under the bottom? Loosen skin under the bottom is caused by a lack of protein in an otherwise ample diet. Muscles shrink to the point where bones protrude and loose skin may hang from the body. This is most notable in areas of the body that are normally well padded with fat. Bones in the face and ribs may appear especially prominent.	We able to answer the question ideas by discussing in a group using Internet sources that we got.
14.  Irritability which is crying with no tears	-How can someone cry without tears?	How can someone cry without tears? Crying without tears is known as irritability. Irritability is defined as a feeling of agitation. Regardless of the term you use, when you're irritable, you're likely to become frustrated or upset easily. You might experience it in response to stressful situations. It may also be a symptom of a mental or physical health condition.	We capable to define the term ‘crying without tears’ and how malnutrition causes it by using Internet sources.

References:

Appetite Loss (2018, February). Appetite Loss. Retrieved from https://www.cancer.net/coping-with-cancer/physical-emotional-and-social-effects-cancer/managing-physical-side-effects/appetite-loss

Brazier, Y. (2017, December 4). Malnutrition: What you need to know. Retrieved from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/179316.php

Higuira, A. (2019, June 26). 12 Reasons You Feel Tired All the Time and What to Do About It. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/daytime-sleepiness/reasons-youre-tired#1

Lucla, C. A. & Hartshorn, J. (n.d.). The Benefits of Breastfeeding. Retrieved from https://www.parents.com/baby/breastfeeding/basics/the-benefits-of-breastfeeding/

Nichols, H. (2018, February 1). Why you feel tired all the time. Retrieved from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320800.php#1

Vale, R. (2016, June 7). Effects of Malnutrition. Retrieved from https://richmondvale.org/en/blog/effects-of-malnutrition